Cartography

Cartography is the production and study of geographic and geological maps. It is very dependent on geodesy, a science that strives to describe, measure and report on the shape and dimensions of the Earth. The main principle of cartography is the representation of data on a reduced support representing a space generally taken for real. The objective of the map is a concise and effective representation, the simplification of complex phenomena (political, economic, social, etc.) at work on the space represented in order to allow a rapid and relevant understanding. Map creation begins with the definition of the cartographic project. The collection of information is in two parts: 1. the outline of the contours and the support space to be represented (basemap); 2. the statement of statistical data to be represented in this space. Next comes information selection, graphic design (icons, styles), then assembly (creation of the map), and information about the map (legend, scale, compass rose).

Cartographic creation is also studied, its methods commented. Mathematical analyzes compare, for example, the distortions of map projections, while graphic information theories give advice as to the style necessary for a clear graphic message. Being the fruit of human selections, the card can omit, deny, deceive. The comparative study of the maps is interesting here, since it reveals the biases. The main actors of cartography were traditionally explorers and cartographers, in order to define the space of the States, and the spaces of the territories explored. Today, modern cartography is transdisciplinary and applies to a large number of sciences: geology for geologists, biology for biologists, town planning for architects, sociology for sociologists… require collaboration between cartographers, experts , and data analysts. Digital and satellite data make IT and IT specialists new key partners, while netizens have recently joined the group with 2.0 mapping and information mapping.

List of countries

countries	inhabitants	Area (in sq km)	Phone code	ISO	neighbours
Andorra	84 000	468	AD	376	Spain, France
United Arab Emirates	4 975 593	82 880	AE	971	Oman, Saudi Arabia
Afghanistan	29 121 286	647 500	AF	93	China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Antigua and Barbuda	86 754	443	AG	+1-268
Anguilla	13 254	102	AI	+1-264
Albania	2 986 952	28 748	AL	355	Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia
Armenia	2 968 000	29 800	AM	374	Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey
Angola	13 068 161	1 246 700	AO	244	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Zambia
Argentina	41 343 201	2 766 890	AR	54	Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay
American Samoa	57 881	199	AS	+1-684
Austria	8 205 000	83 858	AT	43	Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Slovakia
Australia	21 515 754	7 686 850	AU	61
Aruba	71 566	193	AW	297
Aland Islands	26 711	1 580	AX	+358-18
Azerbaijan	8 303 512	86 600	AZ	994	Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4 590 000	51 129	BA	387	Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia
Barbados	285 653	431	BB	+1-246
Bangladesh	156 118 464	144 000	BD	880	India, Myanmar
Belgium	10 403 000	30 510	BE	32	Germany, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands
Burkina Faso	16 241 811	274 200	BF	226	Benin, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Togo
Bulgaria	7 148 785	110 910	BG	359	Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey
Bahrain	738 004	665	BH	973
Burundi	9 863 117	27 830	BI	257	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania
Benin	9 056 010	112 620	BJ	229	Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Togo
Saint Barthelemy	8 450	21	BL	590
Bermuda	65 365	53	BM	+1-441
Brunei	395 027	5 770	BN	673	Malaysia
Bolivia	9 947 418	1 098 580	BO	591	Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Paraguay
Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba	18 012	328	BQ	599
Brazil	201 103 330	8 511 965	BR	55	Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela
Bahamas	301 790	13 940	BS	+1-242
Bhutan	699 847	47 000	BT	975	China, India
Botswana	2 029 307	600 370	BW	267	Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Belarus	9 685 000	207 600	BY	375	Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine
Belize	314 522	22 966	BZ	501	Guatemala, Mexico
Canada	33 679 000	9 984 670	CA	1	United States
Cocos Islands	628	14	CC	61
Democratic Republic of the Congo	70 916 439	2 345 410	CD	243	Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Central African Republic	4 844 927	622 984	CF	236	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Sudan, South Sudan, Chad
Republic of the Congo	3 039 126	342 000	CG	242	Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon
Switzerland	7 581 000	41 290	CH	41	Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Liechtenstein
Ivory Coast	21 058 798	322 460	CI	225	Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali
Cook Islands	21 388	240	CK	682
Chile	16 746 491	756 950	CL	56	Argentina, Bolivia, Peru
Cameroon	19 294 149	475 440	CM	237	Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Chad
China	1 330 044 000	9 596 960	CN	86	Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kyrgyzstan, North Korea, Kazakhstan, Laos, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Vietnam
Colombia	47 790 000	1 138 910	CO	57	Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Venezuela
Costa Rica	4 516 220	51 100	CR	506	Nicaragua, Panama
Cuba	11 423 000	110 860	CU	53	United States
Cape Verde	508 659	4 033	CV	238
Curacao	141 766	444	CW	599
Christmas Island	1 500	135	CX	61
Cyprus	1 102 677	9 250	CY	357
Czech Republic	10 476 000	78 866	CZ	420	Austria, Germany, Poland, Slovakia
Germany	81 802 257	357 021	DE	49	Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland
Djibouti	740 528	23 000	DJ	253	Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia
Denmark	5 484 000	43 094	DK	45	Germany
Dominica	72 813	754	DM	+1-767
Dominican Republic	9 823 821	48 730	DO	+1-809 and 1-829	Haiti
Algeria	34 586 184	2 381 740	DZ	213	Western Sahara, Libya, Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Tunisia
Ecuador	14 790 608	283 560	EC	593	Colombia, Peru
Estonia	1 291 170	45 226	EE	372	Latvia, Russia
Egypt	80 471 869	1 001 450	EG	20	Israel, Libya, Palestinian Territory, Sudan
Western Sahara	273 008	266 000	EH	212	Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania
Eritrea	5 792 984	121 320	ER	291	Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan
Spain	46 505 963	504 782	ES	34	Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Morocco, Portugal
Ethiopia	88 013 491	1 127 127	ET	251	Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia
Finland	5 244 000	337 030	FI	358	Norway, Russia, Sweden
Fiji	875 983	18 270	FJ	679
Falkland Islands	2 638	12 173	FK	500
Micronesia	107 708	702	FM	691
Faroe Islands	48 228	1 399	FO	298
France	64 768 389	547 030	FR	33	Andorra, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco
Gabon	1 545 255	267 667	GA	241	Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea
United Kingdom	62 348 447	244 820	GB	44	Ireland
Grenada	107 818	344	GD	+1-473
Georgia	4 630 000	69 700	GE	995	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkey
French Guiana	195 506	91 000	GF	594	Brazil, Suriname
Guernsey	65 228	78	GG	+44-1481
Ghana	24 339 838	239 460	GH	233	Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Togo
Gibraltar	27 884	7	GI	350	Spain
Greenland	56 375	2 166 086	GL	299
Gambia	1 593 256	11 300	GM	220	Senegal
Guinea	10 324 025	245 857	GN	224	Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Sierra Leone, Senegal
Guadeloupe	443 000	1 780	GP	590
Equatorial Guinea	1 014 999	28 051	GQ	240	Cameroon, Gabon
Greece	11 000 000	131 940	GR	30	Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Turkey
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	30	3 903	GS
Guatemala	13 550 440	108 890	GT	502	Belize, Honduras, Mexico, El Salvador
Guam	159 358	549	GU	+1-671
Guinea-Bissau	1 565 126	36 120	GW	245	Guinea, Senegal
Guyana	748 486	214 970	GY	592	Brazil, Suriname, Venezuela
Hong Kong	6 898 686	1 092	HK	852
Honduras	7 989 415	112 090	HN	504	Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador
Croatia	4 491 000	56 542	HR	385	Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia
Haiti	9 648 924	27 750	HT	509	Dominican Republic
Hungary	9 982 000	93 030	HU	36	Austria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine
Indonesia	242 968 342	1 919 440	ID	62	Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor
Ireland	4 622 917	70 280	IE	353	United Kingdom
Israel	7 353 985	20 770	IL	972	Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Territory, Syria
Isle of Man	75 049	572	IM	+44-1624
India	1 173 108 018	3 287 590	IN	91	Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan
British Indian Ocean Territory	4 000	60	IO	246
Iraq	29 671 605	437 072	IQ	964	Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey
Iran	76 923 300	1 648 000	IR	98	Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey
Iceland	308 910	103 000	IS	354
Italy	60 340 328	301 230	IT	39	Austria, Switzerland, France, Slovenia, San Marino, Vatican
Jersey	90 812	116	JE	+44-1534
Jamaica	2 847 232	10 991	JM	+1-876
Jordan	6 407 085	92 300	JO	962	Israel, Iraq, Palestinian Territory, Saudi Arabia, Syria
Japan	127 288 000	377 835	JP	81
Kenya	40 046 566	582 650	KE	254	Ethiopia, South Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda
Kyrgyzstan	5 508 626	198 500	KG	996	China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Cambodia	14 453 680	181 040	KH	855	Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Kiribati	92 533	811	KI	686
Comoros	773 407	2 170	KM	269
Saint Kitts and Nevis	51 134	261	KN	+1-869
North Korea	22 912 177	120 540	KP	850	China, South Korea, Russia
South Korea	48 422 644	98 480	KR	82	North Korea
Kosovo	1 800 000	10 908	XK		Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia
Kuwait	2 789 132	17 820	KW	965	Iraq, Saudi Arabia
Cayman Islands	44 270	262	KY	+1-345
Kazakhstan	15 340 000	2 717 300	KZ	7	China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Laos	6 368 162	236 800	LA	856	China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Lebanon	4 125 247	10 400	LB	961	Israel, Syria
Saint Lucia	160 922	616	LC	+1-758
Liechtenstein	35 000	160	LI	423	Austria, Switzerland
Sri Lanka	21 513 990	65 610	LK	94
Liberia	3 685 076	111 370	LR	231	Ivory Coast, Guinea, Sierra Leone
Lesotho	1 919 552	30 355	LS	266	South Africa
Lithuania	2 944 459	65 200	LT	370	Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia
Luxembourg	497 538	2 586	LU	352	Belgium, Germany, France
Latvia	2 217 969	64 589	LV	371	Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Russia
Libya	6 461 454	1 759 540	LY	218	Algeria, Egypt, Niger, Sudan, Chad, Tunisia
Morocco	31 627 428	446 550	MA	212	Algeria, Western Sahara, Spain
Monaco	32 965	2	MC	377	France
Moldova	4 324 000	33 843	MD	373	Romania, Ukraine
Montenegro	666 730	14 026	ME	382	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Serbia
Saint Martin	35 925	53	MF	590	Sint Maarten
Madagascar	21 281 844	587 040	MG	261
Marshall Islands	65 859	181	MH	692
Macedonia	2 062 294	25 333	MK	389	Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Serbia
Mali	13 796 354	1 240 000	ML	223	Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Algeria, Guinea, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal
Myanmar	53 414 374	678 500	MM	95	Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Thailand
Mongolia	3 086 918	1 565 000	MN	976	China, Russia
Macao	449 198	254	MO	853
Northern Mariana Islands	53 883	477	MP	+1-670
Martinique	432 900	1 100	MQ	596
Mauritania	3 205 060	1 030 700	MR	222	Algeria, Western Sahara, Mali, Senegal
Montserrat	9 341	102	MS	+1-664
Malta	403 000	316	MT	356
Mauritius	1 294 104	2 040	MU	230
Maldives	395 650	300	MV	960
Malawi	15 447 500	118 480	MW	265	Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia
Mexico	112 468 855	1 972 550	MX	52	Belize, Guatemala, United States
Malaysia	28 274 729	329 750	MY	60	Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand
Mozambique	22 061 451	801 590	MZ	258	Malawi, Swaziland, Tanzania, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Namibia	2 128 471	825 418	NA	264	Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia
New Caledonia	216 494	19 060	NC	687
Niger	15 878 271	1 267 000	NE	227	Burkina Faso, Benin, Algeria, Libya, Mali, Nigeria, Chad
Norfolk Island	1 828	35	NF	672
Nigeria	154 000 000	923 768	NG	234	Benin, Cameroon, Niger, Chad
Nicaragua	5 995 928	129 494	NI	505	Costa Rica, Honduras
Netherlands	16 645 000	41 526	NL	31	Belgium, Germany
Norway	5 009 150	324 220	NO	47	Finland, Russia, Sweden
Nepal	28 951 852	140 800	NP	977	China, India
Nauru	10 065	21	NR	674
Niue	2 166	260	NU	683
New Zealand	4 252 277	268 680	NZ	64
Oman	2 967 717	212 460	OM	968	United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Panama	3 410 676	78 200	PA	507	Colombia, Costa Rica
Peru	29 907 003	1 285 220	PE	51	Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador
French Polynesia	270 485	4 167	PF	689
Papua New Guinea	6 064 515	462 840	PG	675	Indonesia
Philippines	99 900 177	300 000	PH	63
Pakistan	184 404 791	803 940	PK	92	Afghanistan, China, India, Iran
Poland	38 500 000	312 685	PL	48	Belarus, Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Ukraine
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	7 012	242	PM	508
Pitcairn	46	47	PN	870
Puerto Rico	3 916 632	9 104	PR	+1-787 and 1-939
Palestinian Territory	3 800 000	5 970	PS	970	Egypt, Israel, Jordan
Portugal	10 676 000	92 391	PT	351	Spain
Palau	19 907	458	PW	680
Paraguay	6 375 830	406 750	PY	595	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil
Qatar	840 926	11 437	QA	974	Saudi Arabia
Reunion	776 948	2 517	RE	262
Romania	21 959 278	237 500	RO	40	Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia, Ukraine
Serbia	7 344 847	88 361	RS	381	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, Romania
Russia	140 702 000	17 100 000	RU	7	Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, North Korea, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Ukraine
Rwanda	11 055 976	26 338	RW	250	Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Uganda
Saudi Arabia	25 731 776	1 960 582	SA	966	United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Yemen
Solomon Islands	559 198	28 450	SB	677
Seychelles	88 340	455	SC	248
Sudan	35 000 000	1 861 484	SD	249	Central African Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, South Sudan, Chad
South Sudan	8 260 490	644 329	SS	211	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda
Sweden	9 555 893	449 964	SE	46	Finland, Norway
Singapore	4 701 069	693	SG	65
Saint Helena	7 460	410	SH	290
Slovenia	2 007 000	20 273	SI	386	Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy
Svalbard and Jan Mayen	2 550	62 049	SJ	47
Slovakia	5 455 000	48 845	SK	421	Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine
Sierra Leone	5 245 695	71 740	SL	232	Guinea, Liberia
San Marino	31 477	61	SM	378	Italy
Senegal	12 323 252	196 190	SN	221	Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania
Somalia	10 112 453	637 657	SO	252	Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya
Suriname	492 829	163 270	SR	597	Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana
Sao Tome and Principe	175 808	1 001	ST	239
El Salvador	6 052 064	21 040	SV	503	Guatemala, Honduras
Sint Maarten	37 429	21	SX	599	Saint Martin
Syria	22 198 110	185 180	SY	963	Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey
Swaziland	1 354 051	17 363	SZ	268	Mozambique, South Africa
Turks and Caicos Islands	20 556	430	TC	+1-649
Chad	10 543 464	1 284 000	TD	235	Central African Republic, Cameroon, Libya, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan
French Southern Territories	140	7 829	TF
Togo	6 587 239	56 785	TG	228	Burkina Faso, Benin, Ghana
Thailand	67 089 500	514 000	TH	66	Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia
Tajikistan	7 487 489	143 100	TJ	992	Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
Tokelau	1 466	10	TK	690
East Timor	1 154 625	15 007	TL	670	Indonesia
Turkmenistan	4 940 916	488 100	TM	993	Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
Tunisia	10 589 025	163 610	TN	216	Algeria, Libya
Tonga	122 580	748	TO	676
Turkey	77 804 122	780 580	TR	90	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Iran, Syria
Trinidad and Tobago	1 228 691	5 128	TT	+1-868
Tuvalu	10 472	26	TV	688
Taiwan	22 894 384	35 980	TW	886
Tanzania	41 892 895	945 087	TZ	255	Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia
Ukraine	45 415 596	603 700	UA	380	Belarus, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia
Uganda	33 398 682	236 040	UG	256	Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania
United States	310 232 863	9 629 091	US	1	Canada, Cuba, Mexico
Uruguay	3 477 000	176 220	UY	598	Argentina, Brazil
Uzbekistan	27 865 738	447 400	UZ	998	Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
Vatican	921	0	VA	379	Italy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	104 217	389	VC	+1-784
Venezuela	27 223 228	912 050	VE	58	Brazil, Colombia, Guyana
British Virgin Islands	21 730	153	VG	+1-284
U.S. Virgin Islands	108 708	352	VI	+1-340
Vietnam	89 571 130	329 560	VN	84	China, Cambodia, Laos
Vanuatu	221 552	12 200	VU	678
Wallis and Futuna	16 025	274	WF	681
Samoa	192 001	2 944	WS	685
Yemen	23 495 361	527 970	YE	967	Oman, Saudi Arabia
Mayotte	159 042	374	YT	262
South Africa	49 000 000	1 219 912	ZA	27	Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe
Zambia	13 460 305	752 614	ZM	260	Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe	11 651 858	390 580	ZW	263	Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia
Serbia and Montenegro	10 829 175	102 350	CS	381	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania
Netherlands Antilles	136 197	960	AN	599	Guadeloupe